![]() In the past few years, immunotherapeutic agents including blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin have been shown to increase response rate and extend OS in patients with R/R ALL. In recent years, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have contributed to improvement of outcome of ALL with Philadelphia chromosomes (Ph+ALL). Novel agents to improve the outcome of R/R ALL are urgently needed. ![]() ![]() The CR rate for R/R ALL has remained only 29% (range 18 to 44%), and the median overall survival (OS) is only 4 months (range 2–6 months). The prognosis of adults with R/R ALL is still very poor. However, the treatment of adult ALL remains a challenge, particularly for refractory and/or relapsed (R/R) ALL. The current treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is highly successful with cure rate approaching 80%.
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